Because connectors and ports have many applications in fluid piping systems, you need to correctly identify them before adding or replacing them on a tube or hose, in your specific application.
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Manufacturers use identifiers such as ASME B1 .1 and ISO 261, to classify the main thread characteristics: pitch, angle, diameter, and form. Some organizations that are developing these, are the International Organization for Standardization, SAE International, British Association, and Deutsches Institut für Normung, and the American Society of Manufacturing Engineers, American National Standards Institute.
Calipers:
Used for measuring inner and outer diameters of threads
Thread Pitch Gauge:
Used to measure the amount of threads per inch, as well as the thread to thread spacing in metric applications.
Accurate measurement of threads
Before you start measuring the threads of your fluid pipe or tube, ensure that they are in good conditions. Distorted or worn out threads can give you inaccurate measurements. After confirming that your threads are in good conditions, measure their diameter and record. An I.D./O.D. caliper is a suitable tool for this. Match the dimensions provided in this guide with your recorded measurements.
It is important to note that your measurements may not accurately match with the values provided in this guide. The slight differences are mainly caused by manufacturing tolerances.
After measuring the diameter of your threads, determine their spacing in threads per inch. In the case of metric connections, measure the thread-to-thread distances. To get an accurate value, ensure that the thread pitch gauge is fitting well on the threads. Record the values and compare your measurements with the figures provided in this guide.
Accurate measurement of four-bolt flanges
Begin by using a caliper to measure the port hole diameter the bolt. Once you make a note of that, measure the distance from center to center of the bolt holes, noting the longest spacing.
Dash numbers
The sizes of tubes and fluid pipes are generally identified by abbreviations known as dash numbers, and are commonly used when ordering parts. When using a dash number to identify a fluid pipe or a tube, the numerator part of the fraction is just used. The denominator (which is always 16) is generally ignored. For example, 8/16" or 1/2" equates to size -8 . Note: dash numbers are nominal.
Since metric measurements give the true sizes of a tube or a fluid pipe, dash numbers do not apply for them. For example, for M12x1.0, the outer diameter of the threads is 12 mm with a 1.0 mm spacing between threads.
The male and female threads connect and a seal is formed when the two are mated together (i.e. threads deformation). This is known as a dry seal thread. If additional sealing is required, teflon and pipe dope can be applied. The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) does not recommend the connection for hydraulic applications, however it is commonly found in fluid piping systems
Note: Both the NPTF and BSPT connectors appear similar, however the two are not interchangeable.
Both male and female NSPM connectors' threads are straight, while the male has a 300 internal chamfer, the female has an inverted 300 seat. A mechanical connection is made when the both male and female are mated together. The tapered seat creates a leak-resistant connection, and are commonly found in fluid power systems.
Note: A NPSM female can seal together with a chamfered NPTF male.
Widely found in hydraulic systems, both the JIC male and JIC female of this connection have a 37º flare seat as well as straight threads. The flare seats of the male and female seal together when the straight threads are joined. The straight threads of the each half hold the connection together mechanically.
Note: While most SAE J514 threads look identical to SAE 45º flare threads, their seating angles do not match.
These connectors are widely found in low pressure applications like refrigerant and fuel lines, as well as automotive piping applications. Both halves have a 45° flare seat, and the threads of the each connector engage together to form a tight mechanical connection, with the seal forming on the 45° flare seat.
Note: SAE 45° Flare connectors are identical to JIC 37° Flare connectors, except for the angles of the seats.
The female port of the O-Ring Boss has a sealing face, chamfer, and a straight thread. The male connector has an O-ring and a straight thread. The seal is made when the O-ring is squeezed into the chamfer. The male and female threads bind together to make a mechanically strong connection. This connection is common in high pressure hydraulic systems.
The male half of this connection has a 240 seat with a straight thread. The female has a compression sleeve with a straight thread. Along with the sleeve, a female nut and tube partly form the female connection. With the male half, the seal forms between the 24O seat and the compression sleeve. With the female half, the seal forms between the tubing and compression sleeve. The threads mesh together to form a mechanically strong bond.
This connection forms an impressive leak resistance and can be used in applications up to psi. The male half of the connection has an O-ring with a straight thread. The female half has a machined flat surface with a straight thread. A seal takes place when the O-ring on the male end is squeezed onto the female flat surface seat. The swivel nut on the female half holds the connection together.
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Widely used in automotive systems, the inverted flare connection features a machined male connector with a 420 seat, and a flared male tubing with a 450 seat. The female side has a 420 seat that provides a sealing surface. The threads connect together to make a mechanically strong bond.
Commonly found in fluid power systems, the Four-Bolt Flange works well connecting 1/2" to 3" hose and tube. The seal forms between the O-ring on the male half and the smooth face of the female port (with the O-ring seating on the ring groove of the male). Two clamp halves, held by four bolts, hold the connection together.
These are available in two pressure groups: standard (code 61) and high pressure (code 62).
This connection is widely found in automotive and commercial air conditioning applications. Both male and female halves have a pilot (could be long or short), and the seal is made when the O-ring is compressed. Threads tightly mesh together to form a strong mechanical bond.
British connections are available in two categories: British Standard Pipe Parallel (BSPP), and British Standard Pipe Tapered (BSPT).
The male end has a 300 seat, which tapered nose of the female swivel makes the seal with.
Note: Although the male end is comparable to the American National Pipe Straight Mechanical (NPSM) male, they not interchangeable, due to their different thread pitches.
The tapered male connects with a tapered female, with the seal forming in the threads.
Note: Although the BSPT male end is comparable to the National Pipe Tapered Fuel (NPTF), they are not interchangeable, due to their different size and thread form.
The parallel threads make a seal using a number of different rings or washers. The seal forms between the male end, and the smooth flat surface on the female end.
The parallel threads make a seal using a number of different rings or washers. The seal forms between the male end, and the smooth flat surface on the female end.
ISO 261 Metric threads
The male half has an O-ring and a straight thread, while the female half has a machined surface, a chamfer, and a straight thread. The O-ring on the male half compresses on the chamfer of the female port, to make the seal. (The ISO is the same as the SAE J-1O-ring Boss, except the ISO has metric threads.) The straight threads mesh to form a strong mechanical bond.
The male connector has a 60° recessed cone and a straight thread; the female has a straight thread as well, and a globeseal seat. The seal forms between the recessed cone on the male and the tapered nose of the female. The threads of both halves mesh to form a strong mechanical bond. This connection is common in hydraulic systems.
The male connector has a 240 Cone with a straight thread, while the three female connectors have straight threads with a sealing surface. The seal forms between the cone on the male and the sealing areas on the females.
Fittings are available in two categories: DIN L (light) and DIN S (heavy) classes. Each has its own tube sizes and thread dimensions as shown in the following table:
The male half has a 30° seat with a straight thread, while the female has a 300 seat with a straight thread as well. This connection and the 37° Flare are alike, however it's 30° seat and BSPP-like thread dimensions make it different from the American 37° Flare.
This connection has parallel metric threads with a 30° seat, and is common on Komatsu equipment. While the JIS metric connection and the JIS 300 flare are alike, the latter has BSPP-like thread dimensions.
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